Because the PVS is exclusively directed with the veins, damage to non-venous smooth tissues is prevented. Tissues like nerve, artery and lymphatic vessels are spared. Since June 1988 we have made use of the PVS method as outpatient surgery under local anaesthesia. Neither electrosurgery nor a suction equipment is demanded https://www.sgvascularctr.com/understanding-venous-leak-treatment-in-singapore/